Let's learn Python 🐍

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Chapter 1

Getting Started

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What is Python?

Meet Python — the friendly, powerful programming language used everywhere from Instagram to NASA — and find out why it is the perfect starting point for beginners.

02Beginner

Installing Python

Get Python running on your computer and write your very first .py file — no experience needed.

03Beginner

Your First Program

Write your very first line of Python and make the computer say hello to the world.

04Beginner

How Python Runs Your Code

Discover how Python reads and runs your code line by line — and why that makes it one of the friendliest languages to learn.

05Beginner

The Interactive Shell (REPL)

Learn how to use Python's interactive shell to experiment with code instantly, one line at a time.

Chapter 2

Python Basics

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06Beginner

Variables & Assignment

Learn how variables let you store, name, and reuse values in your programs — like labeled boxes that hold information.

07Beginner

Comments & Documentation

Learn how to leave helpful notes in your code using comments — so future-you (and teammates) always understand what your program is doing and why.

08Beginner

Data Types Overview

Meet all the core building blocks Python uses to store information — numbers, text, booleans, collections, and more.

09Beginner

Numbers (int, float, complex)

Learn how Python handles whole numbers, decimals, and the arithmetic operators that let you do real math in your programs.

10Beginner

Booleans & None

Learn how Python represents yes/no decisions with True and False, discover the special None value, and understand why some values secretly act like false.

11Beginner

Type Conversion (Casting)

Learn how to convert values between types like int, float, str, and bool so Python can understand what you really mean.

12Beginner

Input & Output

Learn how to talk to your programs — print things to the screen and ask the user for information.

Chapter 3

Operators

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13Beginner

Arithmetic Operators

Learn how Python does math — from basic addition to the surprisingly handy modulo operator — and understand the difference between regular and floor division.

14Beginner

Comparison Operators

Learn how Python compares values using ==, !=, <, >, <=, and >= — and why the result is always True or False.

15Beginner

Logical Operators

Learn how and, or, and not let you combine conditions to make smarter decisions in your code.

16Beginner

Assignment Operators

Learn how assignment operators let you update variables quickly and cleanly — from the basic = to handy shortcuts like += and *=.

17Beginner

Operator Precedence

Learn the order Python uses to evaluate math and logic expressions, and how parentheses keep your code clear and correct.

Chapter 4

Working with Strings

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18Beginner

Strings Basics

Learn how to create, combine, and work with text in Python — one of the most essential skills in any program.

19Beginner

String Methods

Learn how to transform, search, and clean text using Python's built-in string methods — the everyday tools every Python programmer reaches for.

20Beginner

String Formatting & f-strings

Learn how to build beautiful, dynamic strings in Python using f-strings — the modern, readable way to mix variables and text.

21Beginner

Indexing & Slicing

Learn how to grab any character or chunk from a string using Python's powerful indexing and slicing syntax.

Chapter 5

Data Structures

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22Beginner

Lists

Learn how to store and manage collections of things in Python using lists — one of the most useful tools in any programmer's toolkit.

23Beginner

Tuples

Learn about tuples — Python's locked-in, ordered sequences — and why their immutability makes them surprisingly powerful.

24Intermediate

Sets

Learn how sets store unique items and make tasks like removing duplicates and checking membership surprisingly easy.

25Beginner

Dictionaries

Learn how to store and look up information using key-value pairs — Python's most powerful built-in data structure.

26Intermediate

List Comprehensions

Learn how to build lists in one elegant line using Python's powerful comprehension syntax.

Chapter 6

Control Flow

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27Beginner

if / elif / else

Learn how to make your Python programs make decisions using if, elif, and else — the building blocks of all program logic.

28Beginner

for Loops

Learn how to repeat actions over lists, strings, and ranges using Python's for loop — the workhorse of everyday Python code.

29Beginner

while Loops

Learn how to repeat code for as long as a condition is true, avoid infinite loops, and use break to exit early.

30Beginner

break, continue & pass

Learn how to take control of your loops by stopping them early, skipping steps, or leaving a placeholder for code you'll write later.

31Intermediate

match Statements

Learn how Python's match statement lets you compare a value against multiple patterns cleanly and expressively.

Chapter 7

Functions

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32Beginner

Defining Functions

Learn how to create your own reusable functions in Python — the building blocks that keep your code clean, organized, and DRY.

33Beginner

Arguments & Parameters

Learn how to send information into functions using positional and keyword arguments, set smart default values, and dodge a sneaky beginner trap.

34Beginner

Return Values

Learn how functions send data back to you with return, why that is different from print, and how to return multiple values at once.

35Intermediate

*args and **kwargs

Learn how to write flexible Python functions that accept any number of arguments using *args and **kwargs.

36Intermediate

Lambda Functions

Learn how to write compact, one-line anonymous functions with lambda, and discover exactly when they make your code cleaner — and when they don't.

37Intermediate

Variable Scope

Learn where variables live, which parts of your code can see them, and why keeping variables close to where they are used makes your programs easier to understand.

38Intermediate

Recursion

Learn how a function can call itself to solve problems elegantly, and discover the two essential rules that keep it from running forever.

Chapter 8

Object-Oriented Programming

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39Intermediate

Classes & Objects

Learn how to build your own custom data types using classes — bundling data and behavior together in one tidy package.

40Intermediate

The init Constructor

Learn how __init__ automatically sets up a new object the moment it is created, and why that makes your classes so much more powerful.

41Intermediate

Inheritance

Learn how classes can share and reuse code by inheriting from a parent class, so you write less and do more.

42Intermediate

Encapsulation

Learn how to bundle data with methods and control who can touch what inside your classes.

43Intermediate

Polymorphism

Learn how the same code can work with many different types of objects — and why that makes your programs flexible and powerful.

44Advanced

Magic (Dunder) Methods

Learn how double-underscore 'magic' methods let your custom objects behave just like Python built-ins — supporting print(), len(), +, ==, and more.

Chapter 9

Modules & Packages

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45Beginner

Modules & import

Learn how to use Python's built-in modules, import exactly what you need, create your own reusable module, and understand the special __name__ guard.

46Beginner

The Standard Library

Discover Python's built-in treasure chest of ready-to-use modules — math, random, datetime, and more — so you can do powerful things without installing anything.

47Beginner

pip & External Packages

Learn how to install third-party packages from PyPI using pip, import them in your code, and track your project's dependencies with a requirements.txt file.

48Intermediate

Virtual Environments

Learn how to give each Python project its own private sandbox so package versions never clash.

Chapter 10

Error Handling

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49Intermediate

try / except

Learn how to catch errors before they crash your program, handle different exception types gracefully, and always clean up after yourself.

50Intermediate

Raising & Custom Exceptions

Learn how to signal errors yourself with raise, and how to create your own custom exception types so your code fails loudly and clearly.

Chapter 11

Files & Data

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51Intermediate

Reading & Writing Files

Learn how to open, read, write, and safely close files in Python using the recommended `with` block.

52Intermediate

Working with JSON

Learn how to read, write, and work with JSON — the universal data format powering APIs and config files everywhere.

Chapter 12

Advanced Python

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53Advanced

Decorators

Learn how decorators let you wrap any function in extra behavior — like logging or timing — without touching the original code.

54Advanced

Generators & yield

Learn how generator functions use yield to produce values one at a time, saving memory and unlocking powerful lazy computation patterns.

55Advanced

Iterators

Discover what actually happens inside a for loop, and learn to build your own iterable objects using __iter__ and __next__.

56Advanced

Context Managers

Learn how the `with` statement guarantees cleanup even when things go wrong, and how to write your own context managers using classes or a simple decorator.

57Advanced

Closures

Discover how a nested function can remember variables from its surroundings long after the outer function has finished running.

Chapter 13

Writing Pythonic Code

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58Beginner

PEP 8 & Style

Learn Python's official style guide, PEP 8, and discover how clean, consistent code makes you a better teammate and a better programmer.

59Intermediate

Type Hints

Learn how to add optional type annotations to your Python code to make it clearer, easier to maintain, and less bug-prone.

60Intermediate

enumerate, zip, map, filter

Learn Python's powerful built-in tools that let you process lists and sequences in clean, expressive ways without manual index juggling.

61Advanced

Regular Expressions

Learn to use Python's re module to search, match, and transform text using powerful pattern expressions.

Chapter 14

Where To Go Next

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62Beginner

Popular Libraries

Take a friendly tour of Python's rich ecosystem and discover which libraries can supercharge your projects.

63Beginner

Your Next Steps

You know the fundamentals — now discover how to keep growing by building real projects, reading great code, and joining a community that will cheer you on.